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Ljubljana

Ljubljana je glavno mesto Slovenije in središče Mestne občine Ljubljane . Je geografsko, kulturno, znanstveno, ekonomsko, politično in administrativno središče Slovenije. Na Ljubljano je skozi zgodovino vplivalo več kultur, saj je v križišču germaskih , romanskih in slovanskih jezikov, šeg in navad.

Ljubljanske prometne povezave, zgoščenost industrije, znanstvene in raziskovalne institucije in industrijska tradicija so faktorji, ki so pripomogli k njenemu vodilnemu ekonomskemu položaju. Ljubljana je sedež centralne vlade, javne uprave in vseh vladnih ministrstev v Sloveniji. Prav tako je sedež slovenskega parlamenta in pisarne predsednika Slovenije.

Zgodovinarji si niso enotni glede izvora imena Ljubljana . Po eni razlagi ime izvira od starega božanstva Laburus , drugi trdijo, da je beseda prišla iz latinskega izraza za reko, ki poplavlja ( aluviana ), nekateri pa so mnenja, da izhaja iz nemškega Laubach (mlačen potok). Povezava z besedo ljubljena je ljudskoetimološka. Simbol mesta je Ljubljanski zmaj .

Rimska naselbina Emona ( Colonia Emona (Aemona) Iulia tribu Claudia ) je nastala leta 15 . Prve srednjeveške omembe Ljubljane segajo v čas okoli leta 1020, z današnjim imenom pa v leto 1144 z imenom ( Laibach ) in 1146 ( Luwigana ). Po najnovejših najdbah pa je prva omemba Ljubljane v pisnem viru datirana med 1112 in 1125 . Po letu 1220 , ko Ljubljana dobi mestne pravice , sčasoma prevzame primat Kranju in Kamniku [2] ter postane glavno mesto dežele Kranjske , nakar v letu 1335 pride pod Habsburžane in 1461 postane sedež škofije. Habsburška vladavina je bila prekinjena le med letoma 1809 in 1813 , ko je bila Ljubljana glavno mesto francoskih Ilirskih provinc . Leta 1821 je mesto gostilo ljubljanski kongres .

V drugi polovici 19. stoletja se je Ljubljana uveljavila kot politično in kulturno središče Slovencev. Ob propadu Avstro-Ogrske leta 1918 je postala Ljubljana sedež Dravske banovine . Med drugo svetovno vojno je bil sicer njen župan Leon Rupnik, vodja domobranskih enot, ki so sodelovale z nacisti in fašisti. A vseeno je bil odpor v Ljubljani prevelik. Tako je večina njenih prebivalcev sodelovala ali podpirala narodnoosvobodilno vojsko. S tem spada Ljubljana v eno najbolj odporniških in domoljubnih mest. Bila je mesto, ki se je uprlo domačim izdajalcem in okupatorju. Po drugi svetovni vojni je postala glavno mesto Socialistične republike Slovenije.

Ljubljano so večkrat prizadeli potresi . Po potresu 1511 je bila ponovno zgrajena v renesančnem slogu, po katastrofalnem potresu v 1895 pa v neoklasicističnem in secesijskem slogu. Med obema vojnama je številne pomembne zgradbe, ulične regulacije in ureditve načrtoval znameniti arhitekt , Ljubljančan Jože Plečnik .

V letu 1693 je bila ustanovljena Academia operosorum Labacensis , ki ji je sledila Academia philharmonicorum leta 1701 . Ljubljana je dobila univerzo leta 1919 , Slovensko akademijo znanosti in umetnosti pa leta 1937 .

Ljubljana ima podpisane sporazume z naslednjimi mesti:

Pesaro , Italija (16.3.1964)
Parma , Italija (11.4.1964)
Chemnitz , Nemčija (17.10.1966)
Bratislava , Slovaška (4.3.1967)
Sousse , Tunizija (27.7.1969)
Wiesbaden , Nemčija (30.3.1977)
Tbilisi , Gruzija (7.10.1977)
Leverkusen , Nemčija (30.8.1979)
Reka , Hrvaška (23.10.1979)
Čengdu , provinca Sečuan , Ljudska republika Kitajska (25.10.1981)
Dunaj , Avstrija (14.7.1999)
Atene , Grčija (1.3.2000)
Mardin , Turčija (8.4.2003)
Moskva , Rusija (20.5.2000)
Zagreb , Hrvaška (21.2.2001)
Sarajevo , Bosna in Hercegovina (24.1.2002)

Cerkve v Ljubljani

Cerkev na Rožniku
Cerkev Srca Jezusovega ( Tabor )
Evangeličanska cerkev
Frančiškanska cerkev Marijinega oznanenja
Grajska kapela (sv.Jurij)
Križevniška cerkev
Pravoslavna cerkev sv. Ciril in Metod
Stara (šišenska) cerkev sv. Jernej
Sv. Anton (Tržaška cesta)
Sv. Ciril in Metod
Sv. Devica Marija Vnebovzeta v Polju
Sv. družina ( Moste )
Sv. Duh
Sv. Florijan
Sv. Frančišek ( Šiška )
Sv. Jakob - Šentjakobska cerkev
Sv. Jožef
Sv. Jurij in sv. Kancijan
Sv. Martin ( Ljubljana - Šmartno )
Sv. Nikolaj , ljubljanska stolna cerkev
Sv. Odrešenik
Sv. Peter (Šempeterska cerkev)
Sv. Rok ( Dravlje )
Sv. Simon in Juda ( Rudnik )
Sv. Simon in Juda
Sv. Štefan ( Štepanjsko naseje )
Sv. Terezija ( Kodeljevo )
Sv. Vid
Svetišče Marije Pomočnice ( Rakovnik )
Trnovska cerkev
Uršulinska cerkev ( tudi Nunska cerkev)

Parki in vrtovi

V Ljubljani je približno 30 ha parkov , največji del te površine zavzema park Tivoli s površino 17,5 ha, ostalo površino pa si deli 28 manjših parkov. Po drugi svetovni vojni ni bil v Ljubljani urejen in prebivalcem odprt niti en nov park, še bolj porazna pa je primerjava z drugimi velikimi mesti, npr. London ima glede na mestno površino in število prebivalcev kar 20-krat več parkov.

A vendar grejo stvari na bolje, saj je načrtovana ureditev novega mestnega parka na območju Bežigrada, blizu glavne železniške postaje. V načrtu je tudi ureditev celotnega dela Save z okolico, ki teče skozi MOL in ureditev parka na severu Ljubljanskega barja, za celotno Ljubljansko barje pa načrtujejo krajinski park.

V letu 2007 so v parku Tivoli posadili 30.500 sadik cvetja, približno 33.000 čebulic tulipanov , narcis in nekaj drugih cvetic , na 10.000 m² površine so zasadili grmovnice , na 1526 m² površine pa cvetlične grede . Starih nasadov vrtnic je v parku 400 m², starih nasadov trajnic 500 m² in starih dreves 1650. Za vse te zasaditve in vzdrževalna dela bo v letu 2007 mestna občina Ljubljana namenila 333.834 evrov iz svojega proračuna. [30]

Argentinski park
Botanični vrt (Vhod: Ižanska cesta 15)
Živalski vrt (pod Rožnikom, Vhod: Večna pot 70)
park Zvezda (Kongresni trg)
Miklošičev park
park Ajdovščina
Toskaninijev park

športni park Kodeljevo
športni park Svoboda

Osebnosti, povezane z Ljubljano

Viktor N. Gaspari , (1802-1833) slovenski pesnik
Urška Hrovat , slovenska smučarska tekmovalka
Janez Vlachy , slovenski fotograf
Uroš Zupančič , slovenski kalonliner
Edvard Kardelj , jugoslovanski / slovenski politik
Lovrenc Košir , izumitelj znamke
Marijan Lipovšek , komponist
Ernst Moro , zdravnik za otroške bolezni
Janez Baptist Novak , komponist
Jožef Plečnik , arhitekt
Friderik Pregl , kemik, Nobelov nagrajenec
Franc Rodé , kardinal in nekdanji ljubljanski nadškof
Janez Vajkard Valvasor , kranjski polihistor, topograf ter kronist
Constantin von Wurzbach , (1818 - 1893) leksikograf, bibliograf, pisatelj, pesnik
Karl von Wurzbach , (1809 - 1889), politik, deželni glavar (1866-1871) in deželni predsednik (1871-1872) Kranjske (najstarejši brat Constantina)

Ljubljana

Ljubljana is the capital city of Slovenia and its largest town. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270,000 inhabitants. Ljubljana is regarded as the cultural, scientific, economic, political and administrative center of Slovenia , independent since 1991. Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of Germanic , Latin and Slavic culture.

Its transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and industrial tradition are contributing factors to its leading economic position. Ljubljana is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies and all government ministries of Slovenia . It is also the seat of Parliament and of the Office of the President .

Historians disagree about the origins of the city's name. Some believe it derives from ancient Slavic city called Laburus . [2] Others think the word comes from the Latin Aluviana following a flood in the town. It could also come from Laubach ("marsh"). Finally, some hypothesize the Slavic word Luba ("beloved") as its origin. [2] . The old German name for the city is Laibach .

According to the celebrated Greek legend, the hero Jason and his Argonauts , after finding the Golden Fleece in Colchis , ended up going northward by sailing on the Danube rather than returning toward the Aegean Sea . [3] Going up, it is said they went toward its tributary the Sava and then to the source of the river Ljubljanica . They disembarked in order to carry their boat to the Adriatic Sea , located to the west, in order to return home. [3] Between the present-day cities of Vrhnika and Ljubljana , the Argonauts found a large lake surrounded by a marsh. It is there that Jason struck down a monster. This monster was the dragon that today is present on the city's coat of arms and flag. [3] Several winged dragons also decorate the Dragon Bridge ( Zmajski Most ). This bridge, built between 1900 and 1901, is the work of J. Zaninovič. The dragon is also a symbol of the nearby Austrian city of Klagenfurt ( Celovec in Slovene ) that was, through the centuries, Slovenia 's great spiritual centre.

Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marshes were settled by people living in wooden structures on pilotis . These people lived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Later, the area remained a transit point for numerous tribes and peoples. [5] The land was first settled by the Veneti , followed by an Illyrian tribe called the Yapodi and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci . [5]

Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona ( Emona ). [6] This entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris . [7] In 452 it was destroyed by the Huns under Attila 's orders, [6] and later by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards . [4] Emona housed 5-6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during numerous battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were already connected to a drainage system. [6] In the 6th century, the ancestors of the Slovenes moved in. In the 9th century, the Slovenes fell under Frankish domination, while experiencing frequent Magyar raids. [8]

The name of the city, Luwigana , appears for the first time in a document from 1144. [4] In the 13th century, the town was composed of three zones: the Stari trg (" Old Square "), the Mestni trg (" Town Square ") and the Novi trg (" New Square "). [8] In 1220, Ljubljana was granted city rights, including the right to coin its own money. [8]

In 1270, Carniola and in particular Ljubljana was conquered by King Ottokar II of Bohemia . [8] When he was in turn defeated by Rudolph of Habsburg , [4] the latter took the town in 1278. [8] Renamed Laibach , it would belong to the House of Habsburg until 1797. [4] The Diocese of Ljubljana was established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became a cathedral. [8]

In the 15th century Ljubljana became recognized for its art. After an earthquake in 1511, it was rebuilt in Renaissance style and a new wall was built around it. [9] In the 16th century, the population numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke Slovene as their mother tongue, with most of the rest using German. [9] In 1550, the first two books written in Slovene were published there: a catechism and an abecedarium , followed by a Bible translation. By that time, the Protestant reformation had gained ground in the town. Several important Lutheran preachers lived and worked in Ljubljana , including Primož Trubar , Adam Bohorič and Jurij Dalmatin . Around the same time, the first secondary school, public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana . [9] Ljubljana thus became the undisputed center of Slovenian culture , a position maintained thereafter. In 1597, the Jesuits arrived in the city and established a new secondary school that later became a college. Baroque architecture appeared at the end of the 17th century as foreign architects and sculptors came in. [9]

The Napoleonic interlude saw Ljubljana become, from 1809 to 1813, the capital of the Illyrian Provinces . [4] [10] In 1815, the city became Austrian again and from 1816 to 1849 was part of the Kingdom of Illyria . In 1821 it hosted the Congress of Laibach , which fixed European political borders for years to come. [11] The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line was extended to Trieste . [10] Public electric lighting appeared in 1898. [10] In 1895, Ljubljana , then a city of 31,000, suffered a serious earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale. Some 10% of its 1,400 buildings were destroyed, although casualties were light. During the reconstruction that followed, a number of quarters were rebuilt in Art Nouveau style. [10]

In 1918, following the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . [4] [12] In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of Drava Banovina , a Yugoslav province. [13] In 1941, during World War II , Fascist Italy occupied the city, followed by Nazi Germany in 1943. [12] In Ljubljana , the occupying forces established strongholds and command centers of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia under Italy and the Home Guard under German occupation. The city was surrounded by over 30 kilometres (19 mi) of barbed wire to prevent co-operation between the underground resistance movement ( Liberation Front of the Slovenian People ) within the city and the Yugoslav Partisans ( Partizani ) who operated outside the fence. Since 1985, a commemorative path has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood. [14] .

After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of Communist Yugoslavia , a status it retained until 1991, when Slovenia became independent. Ljubljana remained the capital of Slovenia , which entered the European Union in 2004.

Geography and climate

The city, with an area of 275.0 square kilometres (106.2 sq mi), is situated in central Slovenia . Its location between Austria , Hungary , the Venice region in Italy and Croatia has strongly influenced its history. Ljubljana is located some 140 kilometres (87 mi) west of Zagreb , 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Venice , 350 kilometres (220 mi) southwest of Vienna and 400 kilometres (250 mi) southwest of Budapest . [15]

Topography and hydrography

The city is located at an altitude of 298 metres (980 ft) in the valley of the river Ljubljanica [16] between the Kras region and the Julian Alps . [17] The castle, which sits atop a hill south of the city centre, is at 366 metres (1,200 ft) altitude while the city's highest point, called Janški Hrib, reaches 794 metres (2,600 ft). [18]

Ljubljana is near the confluence of the rivers Ljubljanica and Sava , at the foot of Castle Hill. The Sava, in turn, flows into the Danube at Belgrade before reaching the Black Sea . [17]

Geology

The city stretches out on an alluvial plain dating to the Quaternary era . The nearby, older mountainous regions date back to the Mesozoic ( Triassic ) or Paleozoic . [19]

A number of earthquakes have devastated Ljubljana , including in 1511 and 1895. [11] Slovenia is in a rather active seismic zone because of its position to the south of the Eurasian Plate . [20] Thus the country is at the junction of three important tectonic zones: the Alps to the north, the Dinaric Alps to the south and the Pannonian Basin to the east. [20] Scientists have been able to identify 60 destructive earthquakes in the past. Additionally, a network of seismic stations is active throughout the country. [20]

Climate

The city's climate and that of eastern Slovenia is of the continental type. [16] In general, July is the hottest month while January and February are the coldest. [21] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −28 °C (−18.4 °F) while the warmest was 39 °C (102 °F). [21] Frost is possible from October through May. The driest months are from January to April, with less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of precipitation, while September and October are the wettest months

Ljubljana has 17 districts, listed below. It was formerly composed of five municipalities (Bežigrad, Center, Moste-Polje, Šiška and Vič-Rudnik) that still correspond to the main electoral constituencies of the city.

Bežigrad
Center
Črnuče
Dravlje
Golovec
Jarše
Moste
Polje
Posavje

Rožnik
Rudnik
Sostro
Šentvid
Šiška
Šmarna gora
Trnovo
Vič

Architecture

Despite the appearance of large buildings, especially at the city's edge, Ljubljana 's historic centre remains intact; there, Baroque and Art Nouveau styles mix. The city is strongly influenced by the Austrian fashion in the style of Graz and Salzburg .

The old city is made up of two districts: one includes Ljubljana town hall and the principal architectural works; the other, the neighbourhood of the Chevaliers de la Croix , features the Ursuline church , the philharmonic society building (1702) and the Cankar house.

After the 1511 earthquake, Ljubljana was rebuilt in a Baroque style following the model of a Renaissance town; after the 1895 quake, which severely damaged the city, it was once again rebuilt, this time in an Art Nouveau style. [11] [10] The city's architecture is thus a mix of styles. The large sectors built after the Second World War often include a personal touch by the Slovene architect Jože Plečnik .

Ljubljana Castle dominates the hill over the river Ljubljanica. Built in the 12th century, the castle was the residence of the Margraves , later the Dukes of Carinthia . Aside from the castle, the city's main architectural works are St. Nicholas Cathedral , St. Peter's Church , the Franciscan Church of the Annunciation , the Triple Bridge and the Dragon Bridge .

Near town hall, on the Mestni Trg square, is Robba's fountain , in Baroque style. Resembling the fountain on Rome 's Piazza Navona , it is decorated with an obelisk at the foot of which are three figures in white marble symbolising the three chief rivers of Carniola . It is the work of Francesco Robba , who designed numerous other Baroque statues in the city. Ljubljana 's churches are equally marked by this style that gained currency following the 1511 earthquake. [22]

For its part, Art Nouveau features prominently on Prešeren Square and on the Dragon Bridge . [23] Among the important influences on the city was the architect Jože Plečnik, who designed several bridges, including the Triple Bridge , as well as the National Library . [24] Nebotičnik is a notable high-rise.

The Academy of the Industrious ( Academia operosorum Labacensis ) opened in 1693; it closed in 1801 but was a precursor to the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts , founded in 1938. Today, students make up one-seventh of Ljubljana 's population, giving the city a youthful character. [44] The University of Ljubljana , Slovenia 's most important and Ljubljana 's only university, was founded in 1919. [12] As of 2008, it has 22 faculties, three academies and a college. These offer Slovenian-language courses in (among other subjects) medicine, applied sciences, arts, law and administration. [45] The university has close to 64,000 students and some 4,000 teaching faculty.

In 2004, the national library and university library had 1,169,090 books in all. [18] In 2006, the 55 primary schools had 20,802 pupils and the 32 secondary schools had 25,797. [

Ljubljana has numerous art galleries and museums. In 2004, there were 15 museums, 41 art galleries, 11 theatres and four professional orchestras. [18] There is for example an architecture museum, a railway museum, a sports museum, a museum of modern art, a brewery museum, the Slovenian Museum of Natural History and the Slovene Ethnographic Museum. [46] The Ljubljana Zoo covers 19.6 hectares (48 acres) and has 152 animal species. An antique flea market takes place every Sunday in the old city. [46] In 2006, the museums received 264,470 visitors, the galleries 403,890 and the theatres 396,440. [18]

Each year over 10,000 cultural events take place in the city; among these are ten international festivals of theatre, music and art generally. [11] Numerous music festivals are held there, chiefly in European classical music and jazz, for instance the Ljubljana Summer Festival ( Ljubljanski poletni festival ). In the centre of the various Slovenian wine regions, Ljubljana is known for being a "city of wine and vine". Grapevines were already being planted on the slopes leading up to the Castle Hill by the Roman inhabitants of Emona. [11]

In 1701, present-day Slovenia 's first philharmonic academy opened in Ljubljana , which spurred the development of musical production in the region. [11] Some of its honorary members would include Joseph Haydn , Ludwig van Beethoven and Johannes Brahms , as well as the violinist Niccolò Paganini . [11] Early in his career, Gustav Mahler served as conductor at the opera house, giving eighty-four complete performances between September 1881 and April 1882. [47]

The National Gallery ( Narodna galerija ), founded in 1918, [12] and the Museum of Modern Art ( Moderna galerija ), both in Ljubljana , exhibit the most famous Slovenian artists (among then Franz Caucig, 1755-1828). On Metelkova street there is a social centre dedicated to alternative culture, set up in a renovated former Austro-Hungarian barracks. [48] This lively street has numerous clubs and concert halls that play various types of music, mainly alternative rock . [49] In the 1980s, Ljubljana became the centre of the Neue Slowenische Kunst , which among others included the music group Laibach and the painters of the IRWIN collective; the philosopher Slavoj Žižek was also associated with it.

Ljubljana's ice hockey clubs are HD HS Olimpija , ŠD Alfa , HK Slavija and HDD Olimpija Ljubljana . They all compete in the Slovenian Hockey League ; HDD Olimpija Ljubljana also takes part in the Austrian Hockey League . [50] The basketball teams are KD Slovan , ŽKD Ježica Ljubljana and KK Union Olimpija . The latter, which has a green dragon as its mascot, hosts its matches in the 6,000-seat Tivoli Arena ( Dvorana Tivoli ), [51] also the home rink of HDD Olimpija Ljubljana.

The city's football team which plays in the Slovenian PrvaLiga is Interblock Ljubljana . [52] NK Olimpija Ljubljana play in the Slovenian Second League .

Each year since 1957, on 8-10 May, the traditional recreational March along the Path around Ljubljana has taken place to mark the liberation of Ljubljana on 9 May 1945. [53] The last Sunday in October, the Ljubljana Marathon is run on the city's streets. It attracts several thousand runners each year

Ljubljana is twinned with: